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Bronchogenic Carcinoma causes, pathology, classification and spread
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<p>[QUOTE="kinghamada, post: 52708"]Bronchogenic Carcinoma is the most common malignancy in males, it accounts for 32% of all cancer deaths in men, 85% of patients die within 5 years.</p><p><b> Causes and incidence of Bronchogenic carcinoma</b></p><p><br /></p><p> (no definite aetiology)</p><p>• Male > female</p><p>• Peak incidence occurs between ages 55 and 65 years.</p><p>• Predisposing factors:</p><p>• The major cause is tobacco use particularly cigarette smoking</p><p>• 3,4 benzpyrine is the carcinogenic substance especially if combined with asbestos.</p><p>• Air pollution (coal combustion, cadmium and radon).</p><p>• Occupation inhaled substances e.g asbestos, nickel and arsenic.</p><p>• Radiation e.g atomic bomb survivors, uranium miners.</p><p>• Genetic mechanism e.g dominant oncogenes and loss of tumour suppressor genes.</p><p><br /></p><p> The risk is increased 40 times fold for man smoking two packs /d. for 20 years .</p><p><b> Pathology</b></p><p><br /></p><p> 1- Central or hilar type in a main bronchus, it invades the mediastinum early</p><p>2- Peripheral in small bronchus, it invades pleura early</p><p>3- Pancoast tumour, it is apical and invades the thoracic inelt early.</p><p>• <b><u>Naked eye appearance :</u></b> Fungating mass - Malignant ulcer - Infiltrative type</p><p>• <b><u>Microscopic</u></b>:</p><p style="text-align: center"> <b><u>WHO classification</u></b></p> <p style="text-align: center"> [ATTACH=full]125127[/ATTACH]</p><p> </p><p><b> Methods of Spread of Bronchogenic carcinoma</b></p><p><br /></p><p> • <b><u>Direct </u></b> : lung, pleura, mediastinum, brachial plexus, sympathetic chain and phrenic nerve.</p><p><br /></p><p>•<b><u> Lymphatic</u></b> spread : - Hilar & mediastinum, then cervical L.N.</p><p> -Retrograde lymphatic ==> (lymphangitis carcinomatosa) ==> cor pulmonale</p><p>• <b><u>Haematogenous</u></b> : Bones, liver, brain</p><p><br /></p><p>Bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma (Bronchiolar carcinoma) arising in the terminal bronchioloalveolar regions accounts for 1-2% of lung tumors.</p><p> It may be a peripheral solitary nodule or diffuse nodular lesion. It occurs in men and women equally and</p><p>usually not associated with smoking.</p><p>It may be associated with expectoration of a large volumes of mucoid sputum.</p><p><a href="http://www.med4al.com/2025/07/bronchogenic-carcinoma-causes-pathology.html" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.med4al.com/2025/07/bronchogenic-carcinoma-causes-pathology.html" rel="nofollow"><font size="4"><b><font size="5"><span style="color: Red">Source </span></font>: Bronchogenic Carcinoma causes, pathology, classification and spread </b></font></a>[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="kinghamada, post: 52708"]Bronchogenic Carcinoma is the most common malignancy in males, it accounts for 32% of all cancer deaths in men, 85% of patients die within 5 years. [B] Causes and incidence of Bronchogenic carcinoma[/B] (no definite aetiology) • Male > female • Peak incidence occurs between ages 55 and 65 years. • Predisposing factors: • The major cause is tobacco use particularly cigarette smoking • 3,4 benzpyrine is the carcinogenic substance especially if combined with asbestos. • Air pollution (coal combustion, cadmium and radon). • Occupation inhaled substances e.g asbestos, nickel and arsenic. • Radiation e.g atomic bomb survivors, uranium miners. • Genetic mechanism e.g dominant oncogenes and loss of tumour suppressor genes. The risk is increased 40 times fold for man smoking two packs /d. for 20 years . [B] Pathology[/B] 1- Central or hilar type in a main bronchus, it invades the mediastinum early 2- Peripheral in small bronchus, it invades pleura early 3- Pancoast tumour, it is apical and invades the thoracic inelt early. • [B][U]Naked eye appearance :[/U][/B] Fungating mass - Malignant ulcer - Infiltrative type • [B][U]Microscopic[/U][/B]: [CENTER] [B][U]WHO classification[/U][/B][/CENTER] [CENTER] [ATTACH=full]125127[/ATTACH][/CENTER] [B] Methods of Spread of Bronchogenic carcinoma[/B] • [B][U]Direct [/U][/B] : lung, pleura, mediastinum, brachial plexus, sympathetic chain and phrenic nerve. •[B][U] Lymphatic[/U][/B] spread : - Hilar & mediastinum, then cervical L.N. -Retrograde lymphatic ==> (lymphangitis carcinomatosa) ==> cor pulmonale • [B][U]Haematogenous[/U][/B] : Bones, liver, brain Bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma (Bronchiolar carcinoma) arising in the terminal bronchioloalveolar regions accounts for 1-2% of lung tumors. It may be a peripheral solitary nodule or diffuse nodular lesion. It occurs in men and women equally and usually not associated with smoking. It may be associated with expectoration of a large volumes of mucoid sputum. [URL="http://www.med4al.com/2025/07/bronchogenic-carcinoma-causes-pathology.html"][SIZE=4][B][SIZE=5][COLOR=Red]Source [/COLOR][/SIZE]: Bronchogenic Carcinoma causes, pathology, classification and spread [/B][/SIZE][/URL][/QUOTE]
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